Menopause‐associated disorders: description and mechanisms

The symptoms of menopause can be upsetting, especially as they occur at a time when women have essential roles in society, within the family, and at the workplace. Hormonal fluctuations that begin during the menopausal transition affect many biological systems.Accordingly, the signs and symptoms of menopause include: metabolic disorders; central nervous system-related disorders; cardiovascular and musculoskeletal changes, urogenital and skin atrophy. The physiological basis of these manifestations is emerging as complex and related to declining estrogen and progesterone and rising follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH).